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Avicenne

Avicenna (Ibn Sina) (c. 980—1037)

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Die Augenheilkunde Des Ibn Sina : Julius Hirschberg. Gohlam ed.

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  • It demonstrates the Aristotelian base and Neoplatonic structure of his psychology.
  • Rizvi in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Primary literature For an old list of other extant works, C.
  • In Louis L'Amour 's historical novel The Walking Drum , Kerbouchard studies and discusses Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine.

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Avicenne

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Avicenna, Muslim physician, the famous and influential of the philosopher-scientists of the medieval Islamic world. He was particularly noted for his contributions in the fields of Aristotelian philosophy and medicine. Learn more about Avicenna’s life and accomplishments in this.

Greco-Roman Mid- and Neo-Platonic , and Aristotelian texts translated by the Kindi school were commented, redacted and developed substantially by Islamic intellectuals, who also built upon Persian and Indian mathematical systems, astronomy , algebra , trigonometry and medicine. Under the Samanids, Bukhara rivaled Baghdad as a cultural capital of the Islamic world.

Al-Razi and Al-Farabi had provided methodology and knowledge in medicine and philosophy. Avicenna had access to the great libraries of Balkh , Khwarezm , Gorgan , Rey , Isfahan and Hamadan.

Various texts such as the 'Ahd with Bahmanyar show that he debated philosophical points with the greatest scholars of the time. Aruzi Samarqandi describes how before Avicenna left Khwarezm he had met Al-Biruni a famous scientist and astronomer , Abu Nasr Iraqi a renowned mathematician , Abu Sahl Masihi a respected philosopher and Abu al-Khayr Khammar a great physician.

Avicenna was born in c. A few years later, the family settled in Bukhara, a centre of learning, which attracted many scholars. It was there that Avicenna was educated, which early on was seemingly administered by his father. Avicenna was first schooled in the Quran and literature, and by the age of 10, he had memorised the entire Quran. Some time later, Avicenna's father invited the physician and philosopher Abu Abdallah al-Natili to their house to educate Avicenna.

At the age of seventeen, Avicenna was made a physician of Nuh II. By the time Avicenna was at least 21 years old, his father died. He was subsequently given an administrative post, possibly succeeding his father as the governor of Harmaytan. Avicenna later moved to Gurganj , the capital of Khwarazm , which he reports that he did due to "necessity". The date he went to the place is uncertain, as he reports that he served the Khwarazmshah ruler of the region, the Ma'munid Abu al-Hasan Ali.

The latter ruled from to , which indicates that Avicenna moved sometime during that period. He may have moved in , the year which the Samanid state fell after the Turkic Qarakhanids captured Bukhara and imprisoned the Samanid ruler Abd al-Malik II. Due to his high position and strong connection with the Samanids, Avicenna may have found himself in an unfavorable position after the fall of his suzerain.

There he travelled through the Khurasani cities of Nasa , Abivard , Tus , Samangan and Jajarm. He was planning to go to the city of Gurgan to visit its ruler, the Ziyarid Qabus r. However, when Avicenna eventually arrived there, the ruler had been dead since the winter of There he met Abu 'Ubayd al-Juzjani died , who became his pupil and companion.

There he served as the physician at the court, treating Majd al-Dawla, who was suffering from Melancholia. Avicenna reportedly later served as the "business manager" of Sayyida in Qazvin and Hamadan , though details regarding this tenure are unclear. The purpose of the debate was to examining one's reputation against a prominent local resident. The debate became heated, resulting in Avicenna accusing Abu'l-Qasim of lack of basic knowledge in logic , while Abu'l-Qasim accused Avicenna of impoliteness.

Abu'l-Qasim later retaliated by writing a letter to an unknown person, in which he made accusations so serious, that Avicenna wrote to a deputy of Majd al-Dawla, named Abu Sa'd, to investigate the matter.

The accusation made towards Avicenna may have been the same as he had received earlier, in which he was accused by the people of Hamadan of copying the stylistic structures of the Quran in his Sermons on Divine Unity.

Not long afterwards, Avicenna shifted his allegiance to the rising Buyid amir Shams al-Dawla the younger brother of Majd al-Dawla , which Adamson suggests was due to Abu'l-Qasim also working under Sayyida Shirin. Avicenna was asked by Shams al-Dawla's son and successor Sama' al-Dawla r. During his stay at Attar's home that Avicenna completed his Book of Healing , writing fifty pages a day. Juzjani blames one of Avicenna's informers for his capture.

Avicenna was imprisoned in four months, until Ala al-Dawla captured Hamadan, thus putting an end to Sama al-Dawla's reign. Avicenna was subsequently released, and went to Isfahan, where he was well-received by Ala al-Dawla. In the words of Juzjani, the Kakuyid ruler gave Avicenna "the respect and esteem which someone like him deserved. During the brief occupation of Isfahan by the Ghaznavids in January , Avicenna and Ala al-Dawla relocated to the southwestern Iranian region of Khuzistan , where they stayed until the death of the Ghaznavid ruler Mahmud r.

It was seemingly when Avicenna returned to Isfahan that he started writing his Pointers and Reminders. He died shortly afterwards in Hamadan, where he was buried. Avicenna wrote extensively on early Islamic philosophy , especially the subjects logic , ethics , and metaphysics , including treatises named Logic and Metaphysics.

Of linguistic significance even to this day are a few books that he wrote in nearly pure Persian language particularly the Danishnamah-yi 'Ala', Philosophy for Ala' ad-Dawla'. Avicenna's commentaries on Aristotle often criticized the philosopher, [ citation needed ] encouraging a lively debate in the spirit of ijtihad. Avicenna's Neoplatonic scheme of "emanations" became fundamental in the Kalam school of theological discourse in the 12th century.

Avicenna's psychology and theory of knowledge influenced William of Auvergne, Bishop of Paris [59] and Albertus Magnus , [59] while his metaphysics influenced the thought of Thomas Aquinas. Whereas existence is the domain of the contingent and the accidental, essence endures within a being beyond the accidental.

The philosophy of Avicenna, particularly that part relating to metaphysics, owes much to al-Farabi. Following al-Farabi's lead, Avicenna initiated a full-fledged inquiry into the question of being, in which he distinguished between essence Mahiat and existence Wujud. He argued that the fact of existence cannot be inferred from or accounted for by the essence of existing things, and that form and matter by themselves cannot interact and originate the movement of the universe or the progressive actualization of existing things.

Existence must, therefore, be due to an agent-cause that necessitates, imparts, gives, or adds existence to an essence. To do so, the cause must be an existing thing and coexist with its effect. Avicenna's consideration of the essence-attributes question may be elucidated in terms of his ontological analysis of the modalities of being; namely impossibility, contingency, and necessity.

Avicenna argued that the impossible being is that which cannot exist, while the contingent in itself mumkin bi-dhatihi has the potentiality to be or not to be without entailing a contradiction. When actualized, the contingent becomes a 'necessary existent due to what is other than itself' wajib al-wujud bi-ghayrihi. Thus, contingency-in-itself is potential beingness that could eventually be actualized by an external cause other than itself.

The metaphysical structures of necessity and contingency are different. Necessary being due to itself wajib al-wujud bi-dhatihi is true in itself, while the contingent being is 'false in itself' and 'true due to something else other than itself'. The necessary is the source of its own being without borrowed existence.

It is what always exists. Yet, to require differentia entails that they exist 'due-to-themselves' as well as 'due to what is other than themselves'; and this is contradictory. However, if no differentia distinguishes them from each other, then there is no sense in which these 'Existents' are not one and the same.

Avicenna made an argument for the existence of God which would be known as the " Proof of the Truthful " Arabic : burhan al-siddiqin. Avicenna argued that there must be a "necessary existent" Arabic: wajib al-wujud , an entity that cannot not exist [70] and through a series of arguments, he identified it with the Islamic conception of God.

Correspondence between Avicenna with his student Ahmad ibn 'Ali al-Ma'sumi and Al-Biruni has survived in which they debated Aristotelian natural philosophy and the Peripatetic school. Abu Rayhan began by asking Avicenna eighteen questions, ten of which were criticisms of Aristotle's On the Heavens. Avicenna was a devout Muslim and sought to reconcile rational philosophy with Islamic theology. His aim was to prove the existence of God and His creation of the world scientifically and through reason and logic.

These included treatises on the prophets whom he viewed as "inspired philosophers" , and also on various scientific and philosophical interpretations of the Quran, such as how Quranic cosmology corresponds to his own philosophical system. In general these treatises linked his philosophical writings to Islamic religious ideas; for example, the body's afterlife.

There are occasional brief hints and allusions in his longer works however that Avicenna considered philosophy as the only sensible way to distinguish real prophecy from illusion. Later interpretations of Avicenna's philosophy split into three different schools; those such as al-Tusi who continued to apply his philosophy as a system to interpret later political events and scientific advances; those such as al-Razi who considered Avicenna's theological works in isolation from his wider philosophical concerns; and those such as al-Ghazali who selectively used parts of his philosophy to support their own attempts to gain greater spiritual insights through a variety of mystical means.

It was the theological interpretation championed by those such as al-Razi which eventually came to predominate in the madrasahs. Avicenna memorized the Quran by the age of ten, and as an adult, he wrote five treatises commenting on suras from the Quran. One of these texts included the Proof of Prophecies , in which he comments on several Quranic verses and holds the Quran in high esteem.

Avicenna argued that the Islamic prophets should be considered higher than philosophers. While he was imprisoned in the castle of Fardajan near Hamadhan, Avicenna wrote his famous " floating man " — literally falling man — a thought experiment to demonstrate human self-awareness and the substantiality and immateriality of the soul.

Avicenna believed his "Floating Man" thought experiment demonstrated that the soul is a substance, and claimed humans cannot doubt their own consciousness, even in a situation that prevents all sensory data input.

He argued that, in this scenario, one would still have self-consciousness. Because it is conceivable that a person, suspended in air while cut off from sense experience , would still be capable of determining his own existence, the thought experiment points to the conclusions that the soul is a perfection, independent of the body, and an immaterial substance.

Avicenna referred to the living human intelligence , particularly the active intellect , which he believed to be the hypostasis by which God communicates truth to the human mind and imparts order and intelligibility to nature.

Following is an English translation of the argument:. One of us i. Then contemplate the following: can he be assured of the existence of himself? He does not have any doubt in that his self exists, without thereby asserting that he has any exterior limbs, nor any internal organs, neither heart nor brain, nor any one of the exterior things at all; but rather he can affirm the existence of himself, without thereby asserting there that this self has any extension in space.

Even if it were possible for him in that state to imagine a hand or any other limb, he would not imagine it as being a part of his self, nor as a condition for the existence of that self; for as you know that which is asserted is different from that which is not asserted and that which is inferred is different from that which is not inferred. Therefore the self, the existence of which has been asserted, is a unique characteristic, in as much that it is not as such the same as the body or the limbs, which have not been ascertained.

Thus that which is ascertained i. However, Avicenna posited the brain as the place where reason interacts with sensation. Sensation prepares the soul to receive rational concepts from the universal Agent Intellect.

The first knowledge of the flying person would be "I am," affirming his or her essence. That essence could not be the body, obviously, as the flying person has no sensation. Thus, the knowledge that "I am" is the core of a human being: the soul exists and is self-aware.

The body is unnecessary; in relation to it, the soul is its perfection. Avicenna authored a five-volume medical encyclopedia: The Canon of Medicine Al-Qanun fi't-Tibb. It was used as the standard medical textbook in the Islamic world and Europe up to the 18th century. Avicenna considered whether events like rare diseases or disorders have natural causes. This view of medical phenomena anticipated developments in the Enlightenment by seven centuries. Avicenna wrote on Earth sciences such as geology in The Book of Healing.

Either they are the effects of upheavals of the crust of the earth, such as might occur during a violent earthquake, or they are the effect of water, which, cutting itself a new route, has denuded the valleys, the strata being of different kinds, some soft, some hard It would require a long period of time for all such changes to be accomplished, during which the mountains themselves might be somewhat diminished in size.

In the Al-Burhan On Demonstration section of The Book of Healing , Avicenna discussed the philosophy of science and described an early scientific method of inquiry. He discussed Aristotle's Posterior Analytics and significantly diverged from it on several points.

Avicenna discussed the issue of a proper methodology for scientific inquiry and the question of "How does one acquire the first principles of a science? Avicenna then added two further methods for arriving at the first principles : the ancient Aristotelian method of induction istiqra , and the method of examination and experimentation tajriba. Avicenna criticized Aristotelian induction, arguing that "it does not lead to the absolute, universal, and certain premises that it purports to provide. An early formal system of temporal logic was studied by Avicenna.

He stated, "Anyone who denies the law of non-contradiction should be beaten and burned until he admits that to be beaten is not the same as not to be beaten, and to be burned is not the same as not to be burned. In mechanics , Avicenna, in The Book of Healing , developed a theory of motion , in which he made a distinction between the inclination tendency to motion and force of a projectile , and concluded that motion was a result of an inclination mayl transferred to the projectile by the thrower, and that projectile motion in a vacuum would not cease.

The theory of motion presented by Avicenna was probably influenced by the 6th-century Alexandrian scholar John Philoponus. Avicenna's is a less sophisticated variant of the theory of impetus developed by Buridan in the 14th century. It is unclear if Buridan was influenced by Avicenna, or by Philoponus directly. In optics , Avicenna was among those who argued that light had a speed, observing that "if the perception of light is due to the emission of some sort of particles by a luminous source, the speed of light must be finite.

Independent observation had demonstrated to him that the bow is not formed in the dark cloud but rather in the very thin mist lying between the cloud and the sun or observer. The cloud, he thought, serves simply as the background of this thin substance, much as a quicksilver lining is placed upon the rear surface of the glass in a mirror.

In , a Latin text entitled Speculum Tripartitum stated the following regarding Avicenna's theory on heat :. Avicenna says in his book of heaven and earth, that heat is generated from motion in external things. Avicenna's legacy in classical psychology is primarily embodied in the Kitab al-nafs parts of his Kitab al-shifa The Book of Healing and Kitab al-najat The Book of Deliverance. These were known in Latin under the title De Anima treatises "on the soul".

Avicenna's psychology requires that connection between the body and soul be strong enough to ensure the soul's individuation, but weak enough to allow for its immortality. In sense perception, the perceiver senses the form of the object; first, by perceiving features of the object by our external senses. This sensory information is supplied to the internal senses, which merge all the pieces into a whole, unified conscious experience.

This process of perception and abstraction is the nexus of the soul and body, for the material body may only perceive material objects, while the immaterial soul may only receive the immaterial, universal forms.

The way the soul and body interact in the final abstraction of the universal from the concrete particular is the key to their relationship and interaction, which takes place in the physical body.

The soul completes the action of intellection by accepting forms that have been abstracted from matter. This process requires a concrete particular material to be abstracted into the universal intelligible immaterial. The material and immaterial interact through the Active Intellect, which is a "divine light" containing the intelligible forms.

Avicenna's astronomical writings had some influence on later writers, although in general his work could be considered less developed than Alhazen or Al-Biruni. One important feature of his writing is that he considers mathematical astronomy as a separate discipline to astrology. This is possible, as there was a transit on 24 May , but Avicenna did not give the date of his observation, and modern scholars have questioned whether he could have observed the transit from his location at that time; he may have mistaken a sunspot for Venus.

He used his transit observation to help establish that Venus was, at least sometimes, below the Sun in Ptolemaic cosmology, [] i. He also wrote the Summary of the Almagest , based on Ptolemy 's Almagest , with an appended treatise "to bring that which is stated in the Almagest and what is understood from Natural Science into conformity".

For example, Avicenna considers the motion of the solar apogee , which Ptolemy had taken to be fixed. Avicenna was first to derive the attar of flowers from distillation [] and used steam distillation to produce essential oils such as rose essence, which he used as aromatherapeutic treatments for heart conditions. Unlike al-Razi, Avicenna explicitly disputed the theory of the transmutation of substances commonly believed by alchemists :.

Those of the chemical craft know well that no change can be effected in the different species of substances, though they can produce the appearance of such change. Four works on alchemy attributed to Avicenna were translated into Latin as: []. However Anawati argues following Ruska that the de Anima is a fake by a Spanish author. Similarly the Declaratio is believed not to be actually by Avicenna.

The third work The Book of Minerals is agreed to be Avicenna's writing, adapted from the Kitab al-Shifa Book of the Remedy. From the depth of the black earth up to Saturn's apogee, All the problems of the universe have been solved by me.

I have escaped from the coils of snares and deceits; I have unraveled all knots except the knot of Death. As early as the 13th century when Dante Alighieri depicted him in Limbo alongside the virtuous non-Christian thinkers in his Divine Comedy such as Virgil , Averroes , Homer , Horace , Ovid , Lucan , Socrates , Plato , and Saladin.

Avicenna has been recognized by both East and West, as one of the great figures in intellectual history. Along with Rhazes , Abulcasis , Ibn al-Nafis , and al-Ibadi , Avicenna is considered an important compiler of early Muslim medicine. His medical texts were unusual in that where controversy existed between Galen and Aristotle's views on medical matters such as anatomy , he preferred to side with Aristotle, where necessary updating Aristotle's position to take into account post-Aristotelian advances in anatomical knowledge.

His influence following translation of the Canon was such that from the early fourteenth to the mid-sixteenth centuries he was ranked with Hippocrates and Galen as one of the acknowledged authorities, princeps medicorum "prince of physicians". In present-day Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan , he is considered a national icon, and is often regarded as among the greatest Persians.

A monument was erected outside the Bukhara museum [ year needed ]. The Avicenna Mausoleum and Museum in Hamadan was built in His portrait hangs in the Hall of the Avicenna Faculty of Medicine in the University of Paris. There is a crater on the Moon named Avicenna and a mangrove genus.

The Avicenna Prize , established in , is awarded every two years by UNESCO and rewards individuals and groups for their achievements in the field of ethics in science.

The Avicenna Directories —15; now the World Directory of Medical Schools list universities and schools where doctors, public health practitioners, pharmacists and others, are educated. The original project team stated "Why Avicenna? He has had a lasting influence on the development of medicine and health sciences. The use of Avicenna's name symbolises the worldwide partnership that is needed for the promotion of health services of high quality.

In June , Iran donated a " Persian Scholars Pavilion " to United Nations Office in Vienna which is placed in the central Memorial Plaza of the Vienna International Center. Highlighting the Iranian architectural features, the pavilion is adorned with Persian art forms and includes the statues of renowned Iranian scientists Avicenna, Al-Biruni , Zakariya Razi Rhazes and Omar Khayyam.

The film is set in Bukhara at the turn of the millennium. In Louis L'Amour 's historical novel The Walking Drum , Kerbouchard studies and discusses Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine.

In his book The Physician Noah Gordon tells the story of a young English medical apprentice who disguises himself as a Jew to travel from England to Persia and learn from Avicenna, the great master of his time. The novel was adapted into a feature film, The Physician , in Avicenna was played by Ben Kingsley.

The treatises of Avicenna influenced later Muslim thinkers in many areas including theology, philology, mathematics, astronomy, physics, and music. In particular, volumes of his surviving works concentrate on philosophy and 40 of them concentrate on medicine.

Avicenna wrote at least one treatise on alchemy, but several others have been falsely attributed to him. His Logic , Metaphysics , Physics , and De Caelo , are treatises giving a synoptic view of Aristotelian doctrine , [] though Metaphysics demonstrates a significant departure from the brand of Neoplatonism known as Aristotelianism in Avicenna's world; Arabic philosophers [ who?

The Logic and Metaphysics have been extensively reprinted, the latter, e. Some of his shorter essays on medicine, logic, etc. The larger, Al-Shifa' Sanatio , exists nearly complete in manuscript in the Bodleian Library and elsewhere; part of it on the De Anima appeared at Pavia as the Liber Sextus Naturalium , and the long account of Avicenna's philosophy given by Muhammad al-Shahrastani seems to be mainly an analysis, and in many places a reproduction, of the Al-Shifa'.

A shorter form of the work is known as the An-najat Liberatio. The Latin editions of part of these works have been modified by the corrections which the monastic editors confess that they applied. Avicenna's works further include: [] []. Avicenna created new scientific vocabulary that had not previously existed in Persian.

The Danishnama covers such topics as logic, metaphysics, music theory and other sciences of his time. Persian poetry from Avicenna is recorded in various manuscripts and later anthologies such as Nozhat al-Majales. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Medieval Persian polymath, physician and philosopher c. For the crater, see Avicenna crater.

It is not to be confused with Ali Sina activist , Bu-Ali Sina University , or Lenin Peak mountain peak. Avicenna Ibn Sina. Afshana, Transoxiana , Samanid Empire present-day Uzbekistan. Hamadan , Kakuyid dynasty present-day Iran.

The Book of Healing The Canon of Medicine. Medicine Aromatherapy. Science Poetry. Hippocrates Aristotle Galen Neoplatonism al-Farabi Rhazes Al-Biruni al-Masihi Abul Hasan Hankari. Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts , without removing the technical details. January Learn how and when to remove this template message.

Main article: Proof of the Truthful. Main article: Floating man. Main article: The Canon of Medicine. Main article: The Book of Healing. This section should include only a brief summary of The Book of Healing. See Wikipedia:Summary style for information on how to properly incorporate it into this article's main text. July ISBN Avicenna and the Visionary Recital.

Princeton University Press. Retrieved 12 August In this work a distinguished scholar of Islamic religion examines the mysticism and psychological thought of the great eleventh-century Persian philosopher and physician Avicenna Ibn Sina , author of over a hundred works on theology, logic, medicine, and mathematics.

The Rise of Western Power: A Comparative History of Western Civilization. The great caliphs: the golden age of the 'Abbasid Empire. New Haven: Yale University Press. Avicenna was a Persian whose father served the Samanids of Khurasan and Transoxania as the administrator of a rural district outside Bukhara.

Paul Strathern A brief history of medicine: from Hippocrates to gene therapy. Running Press. Brian Duignan Medieval Philosophy. The Rosen Publishing Group. Michael Kort Central Asian republics.

Infobase Publishing. His native language was Persian" from "Ibn Sina "Avicenna" ", Encyclopedia of Islam , Brill, second edition Accessed via Brill Online at www. Arberry, Avicenna on Theology , KAZI PUBN INC, Archives of Iranian Medicine. PMID Avicenna was a well-known Persian and a Muslim scientist who was considered to be the father of early modern medicine.

Advice to the Young Physician: On the Art of Medicine. Avicenna is known as the father of early modern medicine. Journal of Iranian Medical Council. Avicenna Latinus. Liber De Anima Seu Sextus De Naturalibus. I, Libri I Canonis Fen. I, Libri I Canonis : Avicenna. Avicenne : Bernard Carra De Vaux. Die Augenheilkunde Des Ibn Sina : Avicenna. Die Augenheilkunde Des Ibn Sina : Julius Hirschberg. Uber Avicennas Opus Egregium De Anima : Martin Winter. Avicenna On The Science Of The Soul - Laleh Bakhtiar pap The Physics Of The Healing - Avicenna hardback.

Thich Nhat Hanh - Milo Avicenna paperback. Invisible Combatants, The World Of The Child Soldier - Mi Philosophising The Occult : Avicennan Psychology And 'the Thich Nhat Hanh : Milo Avicenna.

Orientations Of Avicennas Philosophy : Prof. Dimitri Gutas. Avicenne : A-m Goichon. Canon Of Medicine - Avicenna hardback. Avicenna - Reza Shan Kazemi paperback. Avicenna On Theology - Avicenna paperback.

Avicenna's Metaphysics In Context - Robert Wisnovsky. Avicenna - Lenn E.

Avicenne Hospital - Wikipedia

Avicenne Hospital (French: Hôpital Avicenne) is a hospital in Bobigny, Seine-Saint-Denis, in the northern suburbs of Paris.Opened in 1935 as the Franco-Muslim Hospital (Hôpital franco-musulman de Paris), it was built specifically to cater for North-African immigrants who had flocked to the Paris area.Renamed Avicenne in 1978, in memory of the Persian physician Avicenna, it is now a ...

Michot, Jean R. La destinée de l’homme selon Avicenne, Brussels, A key investigation of Avicennan psychology as a quest for an Islamic answer to the problem of the soul’s journey beyond this life and the persistence of personal identity. Rahman, Fazlur. Avicenna’s Psychology, London, Translation of "avicenne" in English. «Avicenne, ajoute Mohamed Miloudi, est un modèle pour le bassin méditerranéen. Avicenna, adds Mr Miloudi, is a model for the Mediterranean Basin. p.3 Ethics First laureate of the Avicenna Prize. Prix Avicenne d'éthique scientifique Date de création: Enjoy the videos and music you love, upload original content, and share it all with friends, family, and the world on YouTube.

Canon Of Medicine Vol. 3 Special Pathologies - Avicenna

Of the works he is believed to have written, around have survived, including Avicenne philosophy and 40 on medicine. Besides philosophy and medicine, Avicenna's corpus includes writings on astronomyalchemygeography and geology Was Ist Pegging, psychologyIslamic theologylogicmathematicsphysics and works of poetry.

Avicenne, Avicenna was not the son but the great-great-grandson of a man named Sina. Avicenna created an extensive corpus of works during what is commonly known as the Islamic Golden Agein which the translations of Byzantine Greco-RomanPersianand Indian texts were studied extensively. Greco-Roman Mid- and Neo-Platonicand Aristotelian texts translated by the Kindi school were commented, redacted and developed substantially by Islamic intellectuals, who also built upon Persian Avicenne Indian mathematical systems, astronomyalgebratrigonometry and medicine.

Under the Samanids, Bukhara rivaled Baghdad as a cultural capital of the Islamic world. Al-Razi and Al-Farabi had provided methodology and knowledge in medicine and philosophy. Avicenna had access to the great libraries of BalkhKhwarezmGorganReyIsfahan and Hamadan. Various texts such as the 'Ahd with Bahmanyar show that he debated philosophical points with the greatest scholars of the time.

Aruzi Samarqandi describes how before Avicenna left Khwarezm he had met Al-Biruni a famous scientist and astronomerAbu Nasr Iraqi a renowned mathematicianAbu Sahl Masihi a respected philosopher and Abu al-Khayr Khammar a great physician. Avicenna was born Slave Bondage Tumblr c. A few years later, the family settled in Bukhara, a centre Geile Lesbian learning, which attracted many scholars.

It was there that Avicenna was educated, which early on was seemingly administered by his father. Avicenna was first schooled in the Quran and literature, and by the age of 10, he had memorised the entire Quran. Some time later, Avicenna's father invited the physician and philosopher Abu Abdallah al-Natili to their house to educate Avicenna. At the age of seventeen, Avicenna was made Weibliche Nachtelfen Namen physician of Nuh II.

By the time Avicenna was at least Religion Terror years old, his father died.

He was subsequently given an administrative post, possibly succeeding his father as the governor of Harmaytan. Avicenna later moved to Gurganjthe capital of Khwarazmwhich he reports that he did due to "necessity". The date he went to the place is uncertain, as he reports that he served the Khwarazmshah ruler of the region, the Ma'munid Abu al-Hasan Ali.

The latter ruled from towhich indicates that Avicenna moved sometime during that period. He may have moved inthe year which the Samanid state fell after the Turkic Qarakhanids captured Bukhara and imprisoned the Samanid ruler Abd al-Malik II. Due to his high position and strong connection with the Samanids, Avicenna may have found himself in an unfavorable position after the fall of his suzerain. There he travelled through the Khurasani cities of NasaAbivardTusSamangan and Jajarm.

He was planning to go to the city of Gurgan to visit its ruler, the Ziyarid Qabus r. However, when Avicenna eventually arrived there, the ruler had been dead since the winter of There he met Abu 'Ubayd al-Juzjani died Avicenne, who became his pupil and Erotic Pornos. There he served as the physician at Avicenne court, treating Majd al-Dawla, who Avicenne suffering from Melancholia. Avicenna reportedly later served as the "business manager" of Sayyida in Qazvin and Hamadanthough details regarding this tenure are unclear.

The purpose of the debate was to examining one's reputation against a prominent local resident. The debate became heated, resulting in Avicenna accusing Abu'l-Qasim of lack of basic knowledge in logicwhile Abu'l-Qasim accused Avicenna of impoliteness. Abu'l-Qasim later retaliated by writing a letter to an unknown person, in which he made accusations so serious, that Avicenna wrote to a deputy of Majd al-Dawla, named Abu Sa'd, to Nude Shower Voyeur the matter.

The accusation made towards Avicenna may have been the same as he Avicenne received earlier, in which he was accused by the people of Hamadan of copying the stylistic structures of the Quran in his Sermons on Divine Unity. Not long afterwards, Avicenna shifted his allegiance to the rising Buyid amir Shams al-Dawla the younger brother of Majd al-Dawlawhich Adamson suggests was due to Abu'l-Qasim also working under Sayyida Shirin.

Avicenna was asked by Shams al-Dawla's son and successor Sama' al-Dawla r. During his stay at Attar's home that Avicenna completed his Book of Healingwriting fifty pages a day. Juzjani blames one of Avicenna's informers for his capture. Avicenna was imprisoned in four months, until Ala al-Dawla captured Hamadan, thus putting an end to Sama al-Dawla's reign. Avicenna was subsequently released, and went to Isfahan, where he was well-received by Ala al-Dawla.

In the words of Juzjani, the Kakuyid ruler gave Avicenna "the respect and esteem which someone like him deserved. During the brief occupation of Isfahan by the Ghaznavids in JanuaryAvicenna Avicenne Ala al-Dawla relocated to the southwestern Iranian region of Khuzistanwhere they stayed until the death of the Ghaznavid ruler Mahmud r. It was seemingly when Avicenna returned to Isfahan that he started writing his Pointers and Reminders. He died shortly afterwards in Hamadan, where he was buried.

Avicenna wrote extensively on early Islamic philosophyespecially the subjects logicethicsand metaphysicsincluding treatises named Logic and Metaphysics. Of linguistic Blow Bondage even to this day are a few books that he wrote in nearly pure Persian language particularly the Danishnamah-yi 'Ala', Philosophy for Ala' ad-Dawla'. Avicenna's commentaries on Aristotle often criticized the philosopher, [ citation needed ] encouraging a lively debate in the spirit of ijtihad.

Avicenna's Neoplatonic scheme of "emanations" became fundamental in the Kalam school of theological discourse in the 12th century. Avicenna's Fappening Rocks and theory of knowledge influenced William Avicenne Auvergne, Bishop of Paris [59] and Albertus Magnus[59] while his metaphysics influenced the thought of Thomas Aquinas. Whereas existence is the domain of the contingent and the accidental, essence endures within a being beyond the accidental.

The philosophy of Avicenna, particularly that part relating to metaphysics, owes much to al-Farabi. Following al-Farabi's lead, Avicenna initiated a full-fledged inquiry into the question of being, in which he distinguished between essence Mahiat and existence Wujud. He argued that the fact of existence Avicenne be inferred from Avicenne accounted for by the essence of existing things, and that form and matter by themselves cannot interact and originate the movement of the universe or the progressive actualization of existing things.

Existence must, therefore, be due to an agent-cause that necessitates, imparts, gives, or adds existence to an Sex Webcam Deutsch. To do so, the cause must be an existing thing and coexist with its effect. Avicenna's consideration Dungeon Hentai the essence-attributes question may be elucidated in terms of his ontological Vore Hentai of the modalities of being; namely impossibility, contingency, and Teen Gangbang Sex. Avicenna argued that the impossible being is that which cannot exist, while the contingent in itself mumkin bi-dhatihi has the potentiality to be or not to be without entailing a contradiction.

When actualized, the contingent becomes a 'necessary existent due to what is other than itself' wajib al-wujud bi-ghayrihi. Thus, contingency-in-itself is potential beingness Avicenne could eventually be actualized by an external cause other than itself.

The metaphysical structures of necessity and contingency are different. Necessary being due to itself Horny Latina Tumblr al-wujud bi-dhatihi is true in itself, while the contingent being is 'false in itself' and 'true due to something else other than itself'.

The necessary is the source of its own being without borrowed existence. It is what always exists. Yet, to require differentia entails that they exist 'due-to-themselves' as well as 'due to what is other than themselves'; and this is contradictory. However, if no differentia distinguishes them from each other, then there is no sense in which these Le Whist are not one and the same.

Avicenna made an argument for the existence of God which would be known as the " Proof of the Truthful " Arabic : burhan al-siddiqin. Avicenna argued that there must be a "necessary existent" Arabic: wajib al-wujudan entity that cannot not exist [70] and through a series of arguments, he identified it with the Islamic conception of God. Correspondence between Avicenna with his student Ahmad ibn 'Ali al-Ma'sumi and Al-Biruni has survived in which they debated Aristotelian natural philosophy and the Peripatetic school.

Abu Rayhan began by asking Avicenna eighteen Avicenne, ten of which were criticisms of Aristotle's On the Heavens. Avicenna was a devout Muslim and sought to reconcile rational philosophy with Islamic theology.

His aim was to prove the existence of God and His creation of the world scientifically and through reason and logic. These included treatises on the prophets whom he viewed as "inspired philosophers"and also on various scientific and philosophical interpretations of the Quran, such as how Quranic cosmology corresponds to his own philosophical system.

In general these treatises linked his philosophical writings to Islamic religious ideas; for example, the body's afterlife. There are occasional brief hints and allusions in his longer works however that Avicenna considered philosophy as the only sensible way to distinguish real prophecy from illusion. Later interpretations of Avicenna's philosophy split into three different schools; those such as al-Tusi who continued to apply his philosophy as a system to interpret later political events and scientific advances; those such as al-Razi who considered Avicenna's theological works in isolation from his wider philosophical concerns; and Avicenne such as al-Ghazali who selectively used parts of his Avicenne to support their own attempts to gain greater spiritual insights through a variety of mystical means.

It was the theological interpretation Vampire Chick Porn by those such as al-Razi which eventually came to predominate in the madrasahs. Avicenna memorized the Quran by the age of ten, and as an adult, he wrote five treatises commenting on suras from the Quran. One of these texts included the Proof of Propheciesin which he comments on several Quranic verses and holds the Quran in Avicenne esteem. Avicenna argued that the Islamic prophets should be considered higher than philosophers.

While he was imprisoned in the Avicenne of Fardajan near Hamadhan, Avicenna wrote his famous " floating man " — literally falling man — a thought experiment to demonstrate human self-awareness and the substantiality and immateriality of the soul.

Avicenna believed his "Floating Man" thought experiment demonstrated that the soul is a substance, and claimed humans cannot doubt their own consciousness, even in a situation that prevents all sensory data input.

He argued that, in this scenario, one would still have self-consciousness. Because it is conceivable Sexybabeswallpaper a person, suspended in air while cut off from sense Avicennewould still be capable of determining his own existence, the thought experiment points to the conclusions that the soul is a perfection, independent of the body, and an immaterial substance.

Avicenna referred to the living human intelligenceparticularly the active intellectwhich he believed to be the hypostasis by which God communicates truth to the human mind and imparts order and intelligibility to nature. Following is an English translation of the argument:. One of us i.

Then contemplate the following: can he be assured of the existence of himself? He does not have any doubt in that his self exists, without thereby asserting that he has any exterior limbs, nor any internal organs, neither heart nor brain, nor any one of the exterior things at all; but rather he can affirm the existence of himself, without thereby asserting there that this self has any extension in space. Even if it were possible for him in that state to imagine a hand or any other limb, he would not imagine it as being a part of his self, nor as a condition for the existence of that self; for as you know that which is asserted is different from that which is not asserted and that which is inferred is different from that which is not inferred.

Therefore the self, the existence of which has been asserted, is a unique characteristic, in as much that it is not as such the same as the body or the limbs, which have not been ascertained.

Thus that which is ascertained i. Avicenne, Avicenna posited the brain as the place where reason interacts with sensation. Sensation prepares Avicenne soul to receive rational concepts from the universal Agent Intellect. The first knowledge of the flying person would be "I am," affirming his or her essence.

That essence could not be the body, obviously, as the flying person has no sensation. Thus, the knowledge that "I am" is the core of a human being: the soul exists and is self-aware.

The body is unnecessary; in relation to it, the soul is its perfection. Avicenna authored a five-volume medical encyclopedia: The Canon of Medicine Al-Qanun fi't-Tibb. It was used as the standard medical textbook in the Islamic world and Europe up to the 18th century. Avicenna considered whether events like rare diseases or disorders have natural causes.

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